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The emerging digital infrastructure enables the public authorities to shape their processes and to create attractive digital services for the citizens and the business actors. The public processes, services and infrastructure, however, engage with global and local public and private digital infrastructure and service providers. The complex comprehensiveness of the digital infrastructure and the services challenges the public authorities and create new types of security risks. The achieving of the benefits of the digitalization of public processes and services without increasing security risks requires the adopting of novel approaches to digital security. The paper refers to a framework that aims to balance the digitalization and digital security of society. The approach follows the complex adaptive system and social system theories. The paper demonstrates the framework with widely known digital service indexes and digital security indexes. The paper applies the referred framework and the results of its demonstration in a case study about the governing of the digitalization resources and activities of the regional authorities. The case study was related to a major structural reform. The aim of the reform was to form and launch the operations of new counties. The means of the reform included the co-creation of new types of digital processes and services in collaboration and with the citizens and the business actors as well as with the central government. The empirical data of the case study included the ICT costs, digitalization efforts, shared ICT services and digital security situation of the regions. The central government analyzed the empirical data for the simulation of the financial negotiations between the central government and the regions. The results of the case study show that the framework supported the outlining of the contents of the empirical data so that both the digitalization and digital security aspects were concerned and visualized. The authorities will apply the results of the analysis for the governing of the regions. ; peerReviewed

The purpose of this paper is to outline a methodology for figuring out what types of information shall be shared via strategic level communication to support cyber-security. With this methodology the key development issues required to create relevant strategic messages can be sorted out. The paper follows the system modeling approach and considers the cyber world as a complex adaptive system. First, the paper studies shortly the key concepts of the cyber world and strategic communication. A social system model of a society is applied as an approach for the identifying of emergent phenomena and characteristics of the cyber-security. The social system model is populated with a small set of empirical data about cyber-security exercises. The results of the analysis of the empirical data are examples of the emergent phenomena of cyber-security. They can be considered as one set of the focus areas of the strategic level communication.

This paper presents a theoretically motivated framework and methodology that has been designed for finding out the emergent phenomena and information needs for planning and decision-making. The approach is based on complexity thinking, system modeling, communication and cognition philosophy, social system theories and content analysis research technique. It provides results with the analysis of quite small sets of information. The paper demonstrates the approach with a case study. The study was performed in an international cyber experiment of the Multinational Capability Development Campaign (MCDC) 2013-2014. The case study shows that the proposed approach is plausible for increasing understanding about complex situations. This is needed in operational art for creating such compositions and resources that enable success in military operations.